The nano world: A new frontier
Read Time: 4 Mins | 21 December 2016
Metrology for nanotechnology
Nanotechnology might seem cutting edge, but humans have actually been experimenting with nanomaterials for hundreds of years – albeit accidentally. In fact, stained glass windows came about as the result of a heating and cooling process that adjusted the size of nanocrystals in the glass. Medieval nanotechnologists may not have been aware of the scale they were working at, but this art form is widely considered as one of the first examples of manipulating nanomaterials. Today, technologists are beginning to understand the full potential of the nanoscale by experimenting with the measurement and management of nanomaterials.
Here, John Cove, marketing manager of precision measurement specialist, Starrett, examines how precision metrology will support the rise of nanotechnology.
Evolving nanotechnology
Over the past three decades, the science of nanotechnology has grown from complete obscurity into an industry worth trillions of pounds. Nanomaterials already contribute to over 1,800 consumer goods, but the future predictions for this technology are far more remarkable. Faster computer chips, life-saving medical devices and environmentally restoring inventions are among the many nanotech applications set to change the way we live. In fact, scientists in the United States have recently designed a fluorescent nanoparticle that can glow inside a patient’s body — making it easy for doctors to identify tumours and organ damage.
The ability to observe and construct things at a tiny scale is the heart of nanotechnology. To put the scale of a nanometre into perspective, this unit of measurement tallies at one billionth of a metre. A single strand of human hair is around 80,000 nanometres in width, a strand of human DNA is 2.5 nanometres in diameter and your fingernail grows by approximately one nanometre every second.
As nanotechnology is evolving, so is the scope for its commercial expansion. The range of potential applications for nanotechnology is creating enormous growth prospects for the sector. However, scientists have discovered that, when working at this scale, every day materials begin to behave in unusual ways, opening entirely new opportunities — and potential challenges — for manufacturers and scientists.
Clearly, nanotechnology has the potential to be a major driver for the manufacturing economy of the future. However, significant research and development (R&D) is required to ensure high quality precision of these materials, and manufacturers will require more advanced technology to accurately manage materials on this scale.
Measurement for manufacturing
Metrology and precision measurement already play an integral role in product design and manufacturing. The technology behind quality assurance processes ensure every product works the way it should, safely and effectively. In the nanoworld, however, the role of metrology will become much, much more complicated!
One of the biggest challenges for manufacturers hoping to experiment with nanotechnology is the need to develop new measurement techniques that meet the requirements of the nanoscale. The development of nanotechnologies cannot advance without progress in nanometrology first — affording the ability to measure and characterise nanoscale materials according to their shape, size and physical properties. In fact, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a U.S Government research and development initiative for nanotechnology, has named instrumentation and metrology as integral points of focus for the development of the nanotechnology industry.
Maintaining control of the critical dimensions of a nanomaterial is one of the most important factors when working with materials this small. Manufacturers need to constantly control all parameters and performance, otherwise the material is at risk of manipulation. Material quantities such as linewidth, pattern overlay error, composition and concentration all need to be closely measured as the slightest error can end in disaster, and this can only be done if metrology advances to keep up with this new technique.
Nanometrology standards
Due to the high expectations of the nanotechnology industry, many countries have started to establish national standards for nanometrology and nanotechnology.
In the United Kingdom, the Government has released a report outlining its vision for nanotechnologies which includes guideline and information about nanometrology. The statement called for stakeholders to use the same terminology for the same product, properties and features in whichever country the product or material is studied or marketed. These guidelines ensure that legislation can be effective and, similarly, that industry can demonstrate to purchasers and enforcement bodies, that they have reproducible processes for their materials and devices.
Until recently, there were almost no established international standards for the nanotechnology fields. However, the International Organisation for Standardization TC-229 Technical Committee on Nanotechnology, which is chaired in the United Kingdom, has now published a set of standards for terminology. These standards focus on the characterisation of nanomaterials, nanoparticles and different tools for nanoscale measurement. What is more, certain measurements for standardisation of electrical based nano measurements have been published by the International Electrotechnical Commission.
While nanotechnology is a hugely exciting and rapidly advancing field, substantial progress is required before we see it reach its full potential. Manufacturers, including Starrett, need to invest their time and resources into the development of nanometrology and the supporting metrology technology to create a firm foundation for growth. Without investment in precision measurement, we will not achieve the impressive predictions set for nanotechnology in the future.
Nanotechnology has come a long way since the accidental nanoscale manipulation of the 13 th century stained-glass windows. There is no denying that the technology has enormous potential, from the creation of life-saving medical devices to enabling high-tech IT innovations that will change the way we work, communicate and play. However, the development of nanotechnologies relies on progress and development in nanometrology first — and there is still a long way to go.
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